Akinari Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Akinari - Essay Example The risk emerges in light of the fact that the confinements on lead encompassed by sexual orientation limits are penetrated by the flood of enthusiasm. The account of â€Å"Bewitched† is the tale of a white snake that shows up in the types of a lovely lady and entrances a youngster. The start of the story itself inconspicuously proposes the contention that is set to happen through the course of the story. A youngster, Toyo-O, sees a lovely young lady at a sanctuary during an unexpected downpour shower and loans her his umbrella. Be that as it may, somewhat later in a similar scene, a secretive snake shows up, quietly suggesting an association between the excellent lady and the snake. In Japan, snakes are viewed as creatures of black magic and witchcraft who are controlled by their proprietors, however who by and by scan for casualties to devour, hurt and have, causing these casualties a lot of mischief and torment (www.anime-myth.com). The nearness of the snake - which is an image of agony for a casualty - at the earliest reference point of the story, itself recommends that there is a whole other world to the lovely lady than meets the eye. She is exceptionally excellent, yet the snake affiliation recommends that she may likewise be hazardous. Akinari’s story â€Å"Bewitched† is started upon legends about dismissal changing a lovesick lady into a malignant, lethal snake. Akinari has utilized this as the premise to move toward his story from a marginally alternate point of view: â€Å"If desire can change a lady into a snake, at that point love can transform a snake into a woman.† (Akinari, 635). The wonderful lady isn't in reality only a lady, she is really a snake that has changed itself into a lady so as to be close to the man she adores. Fundamentally, the story alerts a peruser about the entanglements and debacle that could come to pass for a man who neglects to show judiciousness and watchfulness in his day by day lead and receives a non-conventional sex

1940s Essays

1940s Essays 1940s Essay 1940s Essay The Decade of the 1940s Nickenha Ashley History of Psychology Dr. Specht November twentieth, 2013 The 1940s was an incredible time of notable occasions ever. One of the most significant occasions of the decade was World War II, which fundamentally governed the 1940s. World War II began on September 1, 1939 start with the German attack of Poland; and Britain and France proclaiming war on German two days after the fact. It was the most expensive and damaging war in history and its belongings, for good and sick, were felt a long ways past the war zones. After the war was over the United States entered a time of reat thriving, an expansion in the birthrate delivered more buyers who energized the economy and made the United States the most impressive country (Hills, 1958, p. 56). It is protected to state that the 1940s was one of the numerous decades that affected and molded the eventual fate of the American culture, with the numerous difficulties and hardship that the United States looked inside this decade. The occasions that occurred during the 1940s changed the American culture until the end of time. It was a period of hardship and each part of life were influenced by World War II. The privileges of various gatherings of individuals ere additionally an issue during the 1940s, the developments of various innovation like PCs, atomic weapons, and rockets influenced the entire world and TV started to change Americans lives. The 1940s were characterized by World War II. The war started on December 7, 1941 after the Japanese appended the United States Naval Base in Hawaii. President Roosevelt went ahead the radio the following morning and declared that the United Sates was doing battle. Roosevelt clarified that the war was inescapable and that so as to win this war, the United States required help from all Americans, and the following day Congress proclaimed war on Japan (Sullivan, 1991). The United States and the Allies were not fruitful in the start of the war, and President Roosevelt energized Americans on the home front, and General Eisenhower told troops in Europe. After a lamentable start, the United States started to attack and step by step started to reverse the situation against Axis armed forces in Africa, Europe and on while Japan was not a simple thrashing, and a mystery nuclear bomb must be utilized against the Japanese territory. In August of 1945 Japan gave up and World War II finished. The expense and forfeits of the war were stunning. This multi day war cost the United States and assessed $341 billion and 407, 318 American troopers (Uschan, 1999, p. 12-17). This was a colossal cost to pay for triumph, and couldn't have been managed without the activities by the regular folks on the home front during World War II. World War II was battled by the soldiers abroad, yet in addition by our American ladies and kids. At the point when the war was pronounced, a great deal of American men enrolled or were drafted into the military, causing a work deficiency in plants and other hands on Jobs. In view of this the United States needed to go to its female populace to renew the work gracefully. Ladies started to work in processing plants, making slugs and riveting planes, tanks, and other war supplies. By 1943, a large portion of the laborers on American mechanical production systems and industrial facilities were ladies. This was the first run through in American history that ladies held Jobs that had been viewed with respect to men as it were. Youngsters were likewise ready to take part in assisting with the war, they gathered piece metal, old tires, and even toothpaste tubes that were reused and used to make more war supplies. Kids additionally developed triumph gardens, which provided 33% of the new vegetables devoured in the United States (Duden, 1989, p. 1-21). Because of these social patterns during World War II, ladies increased another autonomy and had the option to enter the workforce in a lot bigger numbers and in an alternate limit. Racial separation was as yet a standard in the United States during the beginning of the 1940s. Before the decade's over, those perspectives were starting to change on account of the occasions of the previous 10 years. In the mid 1900s, African Americans started an incredible movement from the rustic south toward the northern urban areas. This relocation started during the WWII period on the grounds that the war caused work deficiencies, and African Americans advertisement a possibility of landing Positions in northern production lines. The movement profited both the African American populace and economy. African Americans and whites served together in the military and business world, however the United States was as yet an isolated society. After World War II finished, African Americans were anxious to be acknowledged, and one of the primary advancements dropped by method of Americas interest, baseball. Just white players were permitted on the significant alliance groups. African Americans needed to play in their own isolated class. Various celebrated African American baseball stars were anxious to scramble toward the large eagues. In 1947 the Brooklyn Dodgers drafted a youthful infielder named Jackie Robinson, the main Negro to accomplish major-association baseball status in current occasions (Effrat, 1947). Despite the fact that it was obscure to him at that point, however he would wind up being an image of expectation that a multi-racial society could exist. All through the season Robinson got passing dangers and racial affront however prejudice couldn't stop him. Robinson remained with the group and even proceeded to win the World Series and was even named new kid on the block of the year. Innovation began to rocket in the mid 1940s, however it was the beginning times of movies nd TV. Walt Disney was one of the greatest animation film makes at that point. This was the beginning of Walt Disneys well known profession. Walt Disney discharged Pinocchio, Dumbo, The PC was additionally one of the most critical mechanical advances made during the 1940s. In 1946 the principal all-electronic advanced PC named ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was created. This PC had the option to accomplish as much work in one hour as possible do in multi week (Duden, 1989, p. 30). Despite the fact that the TV was concocted in the late 1930s, it didn't increase a lot of prominence toward the beginning of the decade. At the point when World War II started, creation of TV and different gadgets was halted so as to dedicate industrial facility ability to the war exertion. After the war finished, the prohibition on the creation of gadgets was lifted and TVs started moving off the sequential construction systems once more. The expanding measure of discretionary cashflow of buyers after the war had TV taking off the racks of stores around the nation. The Olympic Games in 1948 were appeared on TV and pulled in the biggest communicate crowd ever (Peterson, J. R. ). Shaded TV accomplished authenticity when CBS showed the principal shading TV in New York City, nd WNBT, making New York City the countrys first ordinary TV channel, broadcasting to around 10,000 watchers ( nytimes. com). The TV made a social effect on the United States from numerous points of view, individuals were purchasing TVs in record numbers and TV was turning into a typical piece of life (Duden, 1989, p. 43). The TV development affected life in the United States from numerous points of view and gave Americans simpler access to data and diversion with pictures and words. The nuclear bomb, one of the most remarkable and fatal innovative advances ever, was created during the 1940s. In 1941, atomic physicists found that two uranium subsidiaries, U-235 and plutonium, could be utilized to make quick splitting. In December of 1942 a physicist named Enrico Fermi made the main atomic response. The first run through the bomb was utilized was August of 1945 when the shelling of Japan happened (Fyson, 1999, p. 6). This Marilyn Monroe promotion was compelling during the 1940s. This was utilized to support the creation in deals for Luster Company. In spite of the fact that this cleanser may function admirably as some other shampoos, this commercial was intended to connect with the devotees of Marilyn Monroe. At the point when this promotion was put out we can expect that a significant number of Marilyn Monroes fans purchased this item making this organization rake in tons of cash, which made this ad viable. This banner is of Uncle Sam during the 1940s looks persuading. This banner was enrolling anybody WWII, it was requesting and propelled youngsters to Join the armys forefronts and serve for their nation. This commercial was viable as it made individuals feel that it was their Job to secure the nation and run the bleeding edges. up regardless. Being the main dark man to play baseball he was confronted with a great deal of impediments, detest messages and passing dangers being sent to him, yet this didn't top him. This ad filled in as a spark for other people, and gives others trust that however they might be of various shading they can at present do things equivalent to some other race. This promotion is of one of the first Walt Disney motion pictures made. This promotion was powerful on the grounds that it indicated the main film made by Disney and was persuading to others to proceed to watch it. The economy of the 1940s can be handily separated into two periods: the economy during the war and the economy after the war. After World War II the U. S. economy was definitely changed, the association of America in the war helped the economy uring the war years and set the establishment for the US to turn into a financial superpower (Vatter, H. G. 1985). One of the most extolling monetary accomplishments by the U. S. during WWII was the end of joblessness. During this period, work went up from 47. 52 million to 53. 96 million, over a 13% expansion. Joblessness rates had tumbled from 4. 7% in 1942 and declined to 1. 2% in 1944 (Williams, R. M. 1994). This was increasingly a centrality due to the lessened work power brought about by the 11 million people entering the military during this period. The work power was one of the principle reasons U. S. ndustry had the option to fulfill the extraordinary need in efficiency made by the war.

Potpourri Blog Post

Potpourri Blog Post Coming off of a state-of-mind-altering weekend in Maine with people from the dorm, I knew a full Pre-Thanksgiving week of MIT won’t be pretty. It was pretty ugly. Checkout the iCal for this past week. [Calculus pset x4, Chemistry Pset, Final Paper Proposal, Seminars x2, Taekwondo x2, Physics Quiz, CLASSES!!!] For the moment, I have no profound thesis for a profound blog post, so I’ll go ahead and zoom in on some the crazy things that happened amidst the massive blue busyness up there. MONDAY 12:07 AM You know what’s the best part about going to 3.091 [Chem.] at 11 in the morning? Going to Steam Cafe © at noon. OK â€" Maybe that’s not exactly the right attitude towards a very expensive education, but truth is, sometimes real food is a serious priority (you will see why soon). RICE. ORANGE CHICKEN. CARROTS/CELERY. I understand this is not by any means high quality, but right there in one plate I’ve covered 3 groups on the food pyramid. MONDAY 7:10 PM If food were traditional art, this would be my surrealistic modern masterpiece: LETTUCE/ROMAINE PIECES/KIMCHI, BREAD, WALNUTS, PRESERVED FISH Compared with the example above, this is hardly real food; but obviously, I was desperately trying to pack in as many food groups as I can. Despite my honest efforts, this is still a very pathetic attempt at making a meal. I will have to try harder. TUESDAY 4:35 PM Mastering Physics; Bane of my existence, and I know I’m not alone. For 8.01 â€" the intro physics course that a large portion of the freshman class enrolls in â€" we have to complete Mastering Physics assignments twice a week. You are essentially given five or so multiple-part problems and you earn points by typing in the right answers. This is honestly the most tediously formatted, arbitrarily graded online tutorial program. You get points for getting the question right, obviously. You also get bonus points for not opening hints. But then you can gain points for opening hints and answering hint questions right; it’s crazy. And if you get a true/false question wrong; sorry â€" that’s a heartless 50 percent deducted. Moreover, the problems are not at all similar to questions on quizzes and exams â€"because Mastering Physics is probably the only “high-school-like” assignment here. The problems test one or two concepts at a time, whereas exams pretty much combine a bunch of concepts, put twists on the classical examples, and churn out brain-fry ing exam questions. Mastering Physics does function as a potential grade booster and an illusion that you are indeed “mastering physics” â€" until the real exams come that is. WEDNESDAY â€" Nothing happened on Wednesday, because all I did was calculus; I guess that p-set happened ….at 5:00 AM the next day. THURSDAY A pset completed @ 5:00 AM leads to waking up at 1:00 PM, realizing p-set had been due at 12:45 PM, frantically trying to get p-set in, and overall, starting off the day really late, and really grumpy. But I had a movie screening to take care of. I write for the Arts section of the Tech, the MIT student newspaper. @ 7PM Thursday, there was a special screening for Red Cliff, an epic ancient Chinese war film that lasted 2.5 hours and I had a physics quiz the next day. The film was average, but it was surely a good study break! Or investment of a study break, because I haven’t actually studied yet. Charliecard is my best friend. Have it on hold, you’re ready to go! Swipe, swipe â€" feels like Boston is resting in my palm. Although, it was my first time traveling alone at night; all I could do was pray that Google Maps proves accurate once I come out of the T station (our endearing term for subway). But I’m still alive, so yes, Boston is safe @ night! :P FRIDAY is now â€" and its all about Taekwondo and the Sunday tournament at Princeton. The whole campus is sprinting towards end-of-semester, and its getting hard to hold on. But I will let you know. // P.S. Heres a video of me trying out my makeshift Halloween costume; it was entertaining. Happy Weekend!

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1378 Words

Written in the late 14th century, William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet has copious imagery, displaying the relationship between cruelty and affection in the play. Multiple times, Romeo and Juliet’s seemingly incorruptible love for each other is conflicted by violent acts occurring around them. In their dialogue, saturated with light and dark imagery, brutality is shown dominating Romeo and Juliet’s relationship. The sensory images provide a very sharp contrast in the play. Shakespeare’s use of light and dark is versatile, emphasizing the connection between the characters and also the violence occurring in context of the scene. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, contrasting light and dark images symbolize the acts of violence that†¦show more content†¦/ Night’s candles are burnt out, and jocund day/ Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops†¦Yond light is not daylight, I know it, I./ It is some meteor that the sun exhaled/ To be to thee this night a torchbearer/ And light thee on thy way to Mantua.† (Shakespeare III.v. 6-15). Romeo is grounded in reality, explaining to Juliet that he cannot stay, as day is coming, and he will meet his death by the prince. However, Juliet, wanting to savor her last moments with Romeo, calls the light a blessing, helping Romeo escape. Furthermore, Romeo and Juliet do not only leave one another physically, as their love is also broken during the scene, due to the threat of execution if they do not comply. Shakespeare uses vivid imagery to describe how they part, as his: â€Å"†¦imagination [is] functioning at its highest lyrical intensity, with interwoven symbols of nightingale and lark, darkness and light, death and love,† (Goddard 12). His use of these ideas shows the Romeo and Juliet cannot continue to be together, as violence pervades their lives, leading up to their tragic end. The copious imagery in this sentimental scene shows how violence restricts R omeo and Juliet’s love during the play. Similarly, Romeo gives a beaming soliloquy near Juliet’s balcony, praising Juliet’s beauty and pronouncing his love for her through images of light. Obviously infatuated with Juliet, Romeo compares her to the glistening sun, killing the

What Is the US Immigrant Visa Number

A permanent resident or green card holder is an immigrant who has been granted the privilege of living and working permanently in the United States. In order to become a permanent resident, you must first obtain an immigration visa number. U.S. law limits the number of immigrant visas available each year. This means that even if the USCIS approves an immigrant visa petition for you, an immigrant visa number may not be issued to you right away. In some cases, several years could pass between the time USCIS approves your immigrant visa petition and the State Department gives you an immigrant visa number. In addition, U.S. law also limits the number of immigrant visas available by country. This means you may have to wait longer if you come from a country with a high demand for U.S. immigrant visas. The Process of Getting Your Visa Number You must go through a multi-step process to become an immigrant: In most cases, your employer or relative (known as the petitioner) must submit an immigration petition to USCIS. (Exception: Certain applicants such as priority workers, investors, certain special immigrants, and diversity immigrants can petition on their own behalf.)USCIS will send a notice to the petitioner if the visa petition is approved.USCIS sends the approved petition to the Department of States National Visa Center where it will remain until an immigrant visa number becomes available.The beneficiary (the person seeking the immigration visa) will receive two notices from the National Visa Center: one when the visa petition is received, and again when an immigrant visa number is available.If you are already in the U.S., you may apply to adjust to permanent resident status. If you are outside the U.S., you will be notified to go to the local U.S. consulate to complete the processing for an immigrant visa. Eligibility Immigrant visa numbers are assigned based on a preference system. Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens, including parents, spouses and unmarried children under the age of 21, do not have to wait for an immigrant visa number to become available once the petition filed for them is approved by the USCIS. An immigrant visa number will be immediately available for immediate relatives of U.S. citizens. Other relatives in the remaining categories must wait for a visa to become available according to the following preferences: First Preference: Unmarried, adult sons and daughters of U.S. citizens. Adult means 21 years of age or older.Second Preference: Spouses of lawful permanent residents, and the unmarried sons and daughters (regardless of age) of lawful permanent residents and their children.Third Preference: Married sons and daughters of U.S. citizens, their spouses, and their minor children.Fourth Preference: Brothers and sisters of adult U.S. citizens, their spouses, and their minor children. If your immigration is based on employment, you must wait for an immigrant visa number to become available according to the following preferences: First Preference: Priority Workers including aliens with extraordinary abilities, outstanding professors and researchers, and certain multinational executives and managers.Second Preference: Members of Professions Holding Advanced Degrees or Persons of Exceptional Ability.Third Preference: Skilled Workers, professionals, and other qualified workers.Fourth Preference: Certain special immigrants including those in religious vocations.Fifth Preference: Employment Creation Immigrants. Tips Contacting the NVC: You do not need to contact the National Visa Center while youre waiting for an immigrant visa number to be assigned to you unless you change your address or there is a change in your personal situation that may affect your eligibility for an immigrant visa. Researching Wait Times: Approved visa petitions are placed in chronological order according to the date each visa petition was filed. The date the visa petition was filed is known as your priority date. The State Department publishes a bulletin that shows the month and year of the visa petitions they are working on, by country and preference category. If you compare your priority date with the date listed in the bulletin, you will have an idea of how long it will take to get an immigrant visa number. Source U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

Veteran’s Health Administration Free Essays

The Sutter Health Network (SHN) is a network of doctors, medical foundations, and hospitals found in Northern California that offer a varied assortment of medical services and support programs to the public. The SHN was ranked as the ninth largest healthcare system in America in year 2009- based on their annual revenue. The Network involves itself with their local community; special care is taken to keep their health care costs down in order for their patients to get the best care possible at low cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Veteran’s Health Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Health organizations regularly implement Federal Government Programs to manage health care costs for their patients. The Sutter Health Network is one of the health networks that have applied a Federal Program called the Veteran’s Health Administration. The Veteran’s Health Administration (VHA) provides military personnel currently in the military as well as the honorably discharged or retired soldiers with high quality health care and benefits earned through their service. These benefits include primary care pertaining to their service, care for special disability veterans, OEF/OIF/OND care management, medication co pays, specialized medical programs, counseling services, prosthetic therapy and sensory aids, services for blind/visually impaired veterans, mental health care treatment, work restoration programs, nursing home care, caregiver programs, and sexual trauma recovery. With the current economic recession, the number of veterans and military personnel who are now filing for Veterans’ Health Administration to cover their personal and family medical expenses has grown exponentially. The Sutter Health Network accepts coverage from the VHA and provides most of these benefits and health programs included. They connect veterans with primary care physicians or specialists in a number of different fields, surgery centers, urgent medical attention, complementary medicine, mental health care, and hospice. Connecting veterans and persons still serving the army or navy with the health care assistance they need increases the SHN’s revenue with each person they support. This helps the patient prevent monetary consequences from health concerns and increases national savings, which benefits the Sutter Network in a financial and economic sense. â€Å"At Sutter Health, we believe our patients deserve access to high-quality health care—regardless of their ability to pay or whether they have medical insurance. † The Sutter Health Network mission statement shows that they believe everyone deserves access to high-quality health care. They provide medical care for those in need, regardless if they can financially cover the expenses or not. The vision for their practice is to â€Å"enhance the well-being of people in the communities we serve through a not-for-profit commitment to compassion and excellence in health care services. † They value community, innovation, affordability, compassion, caring, excellence, and integrity. Each year, Sutter Health invests millions of dollars back into its communities. In 2012 alone, the network of physician organizations, hospitals and other health care providers invested $795 million in health care programs, services and benefits for the poor and underserved and the broader community. The SHN has donated thousands in support of the US military personnel and their families. In 2012, as a part of their commitment to assist those individuals, the SNH donated $25,000 to improving the lives of service men and women. The donation was split between the Fisher House Foundation, to provide housing for military families, and the River of Recovery, to support soldiers through recreational and rehabilitation program. Sutter Health provides information for toll-free support helplines support groups, and associations; which include National Peer Support, Veteran Affairs Suicide Hotline, VA Special Issues, and Military Pathways. Pat Fry, the president and CEO of Sutter Health Network, was awarded the Patriot Award by the Employer Support of Guard and Reserve (ESGR) for demonstrating leadership in support of veterans, employees on active duty, and their families. One of the values the Sutter Health Network works to maintain is the excellence of their medical care and the high levels of safety for patients and doctors. The SHN implements various forms of technology and personnel measures which are used to improve their healthcare delivery. Sepsis quarantine and prevention is taken seriously. Multidisciplinary care teams participate in a sepsis summit to review detection strategies, system wide measures monitor and track sepsis outbreaks, and sepsis bundles (checklists and recommendations for health care providers) are being introduced in emergency departments, intensive care units, and medical-surgical units where most severe cases of sepsis originate. Central-line infections and pressure ulcer prevention are recognized as serious hospital conditions and are taken seriously. Identification of patients at risk for pressure ulcers, or â€Å"bed sores†, promotes early identification and treatment. Installation of pressure-relieving mattresses and support surfaces are used for patient comfort and safety. Central-line associated blood stream infections (CLABCI’s) are serious and can cause life-threatening situations. Medical caregivers in the SHN are extensively trained for awareness of CLABCI’s and how they are prevented. Since the CLABCI prevention was introduced in 2007, it is estimated that around 202 cases have been avoided. In 2012, the SHN started the innovated Advanced Illness Management (AIM) program which reduces hospitalization time and health care costs. One person enrolled in the AIM program is Edward Fogarty of Rocklin, an 81-year-old Air Force Veteran who lives a fulfilling life while managing COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) and heart problems. Through the SHN’s new program, Edward is provided quality at-home nursing and personal care that manages his health, medication, and care without having to be emitted to a hospital. Keeping updated with current health informatics improvements and newly released technologies is essential to providing superior care to patients. The SHN uses the recently applied electronic health care records which enable immediate and easy access to all relevant information of the patient including medical history and insurance. Sutter Health became the first health care system in the Western United States to bring two separate eICU centers online, allowing continuous monitoring of critically ill patients by advanced video and remote monitoring. In one hospital, ICU mortality had been lowered a staggering 17. 3 percent from the year 2002, when the technology was employed, to 2004. Barcoding for medications and patients is a new and innovative development. Sutter Health is the first and only health care system so far in Northern California to implement this radical technology from Bridge Medical Center. A bar code is added to a patient’s wristband, and three separate codes are then input and used to match and monitor medication ordered by the over-seeing doctor, verifying that the patient receives the correct type and dosage amount. Sutter Health’s bar-coding technology has prevented approximately 28,000 medication errors across more than 2. 6 million attempted drug administrations throughout 10 hospitals in its first 18 months alone. The Sutter Health Network provides the highest quality care possible for their all of their patients, including military veterans. They take care to stay current with health informatics trends and technologies in order to do so. The support they gain from employing the Veteran’s Health Administration help provide military personnel, past and present, with the medical support or assistance as needed. How to cite Veteran’s Health Administration, Papers

How to Host a Website for Beginners (Locally and/or Publicly)

Starting a new website requires a lot of decision-making, not the least of which concerns hosting. If youre new to website ownership, figuring out how to host a website can quickly become both confusing and overwhelming.Fortunately, once you learn about the options available to you, determining what your site needs in terms of hosting is pretty straightforward. Figuring out the basics should set you up to make smart decisions and choose the type of hosting thats best for you and your audience.This post will provide an overview of some web hosting basics, including an explanation of what it is and why its important. Then well discuss the differences between local and external  hosting and go over some important considerations for using each. We have a lot to cover – so lets get to it! setting up a website – without it, you have no way to make your site public.Its important to note that there are two ways to host a website: (1) locally, (2) externally/publicly.A locally -hosted website is stored on your own machine, while an externally-hosted site is stored on a providers server.If you already know how you need to host your website, you can jump to more in-depth information now:👉 How to host a website locally👉 Host to host a website externallyWhile you may wish to forgo external hosting to save money, local hosting isnt typically powerful enough for even a small website. Your users will experience extremely slow loading times, and your own resources will likely be stretched thin.Instead, local sites are typically used for testing and development or staging and are only seen by the sites owner and/or developer. An externally-hosted copy of the site is then made public for users, backed by a hosting providers much more powerful server.Local and external hosting are often used in conjunction.  However, if you just need a private site for development, you may only require local hosting.  Likewise, if your website is very small and simple,  you can often go without a staging site  and only use external hosting.Go to topHow to host a website locally (2 methods)There are several methods available for hosting a site locally. Which is best for you will depend on the needs of your particular site, so lets look at two popular options.1. Create a site using a local web stackA local web stack, such as XAMPP, is software that provides several components needed for local development, including a web server. The main benefit of using this method is that it gives you the most control over your site:Additionally, XAMPP keeps your local site completely private, and unavailable to other users.  The downside is that its a bit difficult to set up. Youll need to install XAMPP and manually install WordPress in order to get it up and running.Also, its important to note that, while you can use a WordPress site hosted via XAMPP to test drive plugins or practice coding, you cant use it to create a true staging site. Due to di fferences in hardware configuration, features that work on a XAMPP WordPress installation wont necessarily work on a live WordPress site.2. Sign up for a virtual sandbox environmentA much easier way to create a local WordPress site – and to stage your live site – is to use a virtual sandbox environment. These platforms, including  Local by Flywheel, enable you to easily create local WordPress installations:Local by Flywheel is completely free to use. All you have to do is sign up, download the app, and start creating sites. However, youll want to make sure to configure your settings so that your sites arent visible to search engines.Also, keep in mind that while your sites will be hosted locally, youre still technically relying on a third-party resource. In the event that Flywheel stops supporting the platform, you would have to find another solution (although theres no indication that this might happen any time soon).Go to topHow to host a website externally (5 key considerations)When hosting a website externally, everything boils down to one significant decision: which provider to choose. Below, weve outlined five primary aspects to consider when making this choice.1. Determine the best type of hosting for your siteFor WordPress users, there are five main types of hosting to consider:SharedVirtual Private Server (VPS)DedicatedCloudManaged WordPress hostingEach has its pros and cons. Very small sites can often do just fine on a shared hosting plan. However, the other types will give your site plenty of room to grow, and likely provide better performance and more uptime.A WordPress-specific hosting plan can be very useful since it takes some of the work of maintaining your site off your hands. It also usually provides tools or services you would need for your WordPress site anyway, saving you from having to make additional purchases.2. Examine additional features available from various providersIn addition to hosting your website on one of its servers, many hosting providers – especially those with managed WordPress plans – offer handy features you may want for your site. Some common ones include:Domain name registrationContent delivery network (CDN)SSL certificatesSecurity features such as firewalls or regular scansAutomated backupsExternally-hosted staging areasEmail servicesWordPress hosting plans sometimes also offer access to premium themes, automated WordPress updates, and WordPress-related customer support. Its definitely worth considering which additional features you might need or want for your site.3. Look at different providers customer support optionsCustomer support is a key element of any hosting service. Your relationship with your hosting provider will likely be a long-term one, so its important that its able to provide any help you may need related to your account, server, or even WordPress itself.Self-service support options such as user forums, documentation, or even blog posts can help yo u quickly get past bumps in the road. 24/7 availability is also handy for putting you in touch with support quickly, and helping you  reach someone from your hosts company in the event of a server-related error.If youre looking for more guidance related to customer support, our 2018 WordPress Hosting Survey contains valuable data that you might want to consider. Over 800 WordPress users scored several popular hosts on both their overall and WordPress-specific customer support, so youll know what to expect.4. Set a hosting budget and find a price that works for youHosting is an ongoing expense. Most providers require you to pay monthly fees, although some offer annual plans. Either way, its important to consider what youll be able to afford on a regular basis.There are many affordable hosting options out there. However, as we touched on earlier, the cheaper options sometimes come with other problems. Web hosting is often a you get what you pay for situation.Every sites budget is di fferent, so we cant decide exactly what type of plan is best for you. Our best recommendation is to look for plans that are low cost, while still providing a wide range of features and high performance scores.5. Figure out how youll install WordPress on your providers serverFinally, its always a good idea to consider how youll install WordPress on your new hosting account. While this may seem unimportant at first, your WordPress installation options can make a big difference in the ease of setting up your website.No matter which hosting provider you choose, youll always be able to install WordPress manually. This involves accessing your server via File Transfer Protocol (FTP), using a client such as FileZilla.Some managed WordPress hosts also offer a one-click installation option that enables you to quickly install the software on your account. There are even plans that come with WordPress pre-installed, which is the easiest solution.Go to topConclusionWhen it comes to web hosting, you have a lot to think about. Learning the basics of what hosting is and how it works can help you make informed decisions about how to host your WordPress site. Do you have any questions about how to host a website? Ask them in the comments section below!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

Exploring Literature Review and it Significance to Present Health and Social Care The WritePass Journal

Exploring Literature Review and it Significance to Present Health and Social Care Chapter One Exploring Literature Review and it Significance to Present Health and Social Care Chapter OneIntroductionPURPOSE OF CHAPTERBACKGROUNDAIMS AND OBJECTIVESRESEARCH QUESTIONRATIONALE FOR CHOSEN TOPICCHAPTER TWOMETHODS2.1 PURPOSE OF CHAPTER 2.2 METHODLiterature SearchCHAPTER THREEANALYSIS3.1 PURPOSE OF CHAPTER FINDINGSChapter 4Discussion4.1 Purpose   of chapter4.2 DISCUSSION   4.3. LIMITATIONS 4.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE, EDUCATION, MANAGMENT AND FUTURE RSEARCHConclusionRelated Chapter One Introduction The aim of this assignment is to undertake a secondary research in exploring literature review and it significance to present health and social care. Clinical question will be formulated with rationale given for choice of topic by undertaking an extensive review of the literature. Following the systematic search, the student will critically evaluate literatures and other evidenced based information in order to discuss and answer the question. The design methods and data analysis will be discussed. It will also consider evidence based practice and the applications of research studies on nursing practice. Producing a dissertation that draws conclusion and makes recommendations for nursing practice will be deliberated. PURPOSE OF CHAPTER This chapter will introduce the background of the review, its rationale, research question, aims and objectives. BACKGROUND The World Health Organisation (WHO, 20010) defines obesity as a complex condition, one with serious social and psychological manifestations that affects virtually any age and socioeconomic groups and threatens to overtake developed and developing countries. Obesity is the commonest form of malnutrition and is reacting epidemic proportions in developed and undeveloped countries around the world (Wadden et al. 2002). Arterburn et al. (2008) also defines obesity as a chronic condition characterised by an excess of body fat. It is often diagnosed in adults by using the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is calculated by measuring weight in kilograms and dividing this figure by height in metres squared (kg/ m ²) ( Shepherd, 2009). Individuals with BMI ranging from 25Kg/m ² indicate overweight whiles 30+ kgm ² indicates obesity in adults. Overweight occurs when energy intake exceeds energy needs. Weight gain occurs when individuals for whatever reasons overeat or under exercise (Ahearne â €“ Smith, 2008). Obesity is a complex, costly and debilitating condition. The health implications of obesity are vast and the cost of treating this condition is a burden on the NHS, in terms of finance and resources. (Department of Health (DH) 2009a). Estimates put the cost of treating obesity and its associated complications at over one billion pounds per year in the UK, this   figure is predicted to rise to  £45 billion by the year 2050 (Wintour, 2007). Research has estimated that in England, 6.8% of all deaths attributes to obesity (NHS, 2010).   A recent study looking at data for 27 year period concluded that about one quarter of deaths in England was directly or indirectly related to obesity (Duncan et al. 2010). Predicted trends in obesity amongst men and women in England extrapolated to 2010 indicates that 26% of men and 28% of women will be clinically obese, imposing huge burden on the healthcare (National Audit Office, 2001). Evidence indicates that there is a complex interrelationship between genetics, environment, childhood, family and non genetic factors (Kipping et al. 2008). There is also growing body of evidence that describes obesity as a polygenic disorder, with many genes being linked to or associated with a predisposition to adiposity (Batch and Baur, 2005). One of the latest genes to be associated with an increased risk of obesity is the fat, mass and obesity gene (Loos and Bouchard, 2008), which is thought to confer a predisposition to the disease through the control of food intake (Cecile et al 2008). Cairns and Stead (2009) discusses the increase in weight as a reflection of the trend in the western world generally and has been attributed to an abundance of food combined with disposition towards less physical activity of our daily lives. It further explains the diminished physical activity stems not only from changing employment patterns, but also from the many aids available to the average house holder, the ubiquitous motor car, and trends in the design of buildings and cities. Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease, considered to be one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease and correlating with increased morbidity and mortality (NHS, 2010). Research shows that there is a link between excess body fat and the risk of developing a number of serious disease including diabetes, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, arthritis and some cancers (Swain and Sacher, 2009). It has been confirmed that overweight individuals decreases their risk of premature death by doing physical activity even if their weight doesn’t change. People who are overweight can be limited in their ability to carry out physical activity because of reduced oxygen uptake capacity and painful muscles and joints. This limitations in locomotive power influences movement behaviour and lead to problems in activities of daily living. Weight loss reduces blood pressure and improves metabolic profile. It also reduces the symptoms and improves several obesity related chronic conditions such as diabetes, obstructive sleep apnoea and osteoarthritis (SIGN, 2010). Weight loss is also associated with improvement of vascular morphology and function. Research by Pierce et al. (2008) demonstrated that short term, energy intake restricted weight loss alone is an effective intervention for improving endothelial function in obese subjects. The impact of being overweight and obese has been studied from the perspective of health related quality of life (HRQL). Although, there is no standard definition of HRQL, It is generally accepted that it is subjective, multi dimensional assessment of the physical health, emotional wellbeing and psychosocial functioning (Hassan et al. 2003). There is also a growing body of cross – sectional data that support strong relationship between obesity and quality of life, in that quality of life tends to decrease as function of weight increase. Literature also supports that even small weight reduction leads to significant improvement in HRQL (Fontaine and Brofsky et al. 2001). Results of meta-analysis on the effects of randomised controlled trials of weight loss on HRQL using variety of intervention methods (behavioural, surgical, pharmacologic) suggest that the most consistent effects are found only when using obesity specific measures of HRQL (Masiejewski et al. 2005). In addition, the majority of the studies in HRQL changes in obese and overweight individuals have focused on major medical techniques such as gastric bypass surgery and pharmacotherapy. Although these may be important strategies and options for obese individuals, the majority of populations are more likely to attempt behavioural programme focused on changing their dietary and exercise behaviours (Fontaine and Bartlett, 2001). There have been relatively few studies that have examined the effects of lifestyle modification programs on changes in quality life among overweight and obese individuals. Physical activity in combination with can be effective in improving health related quality of life in social functioning, mood and self esteem. Many literatures exist on the effects of diet and exercise with no clear agreement on their long or short term efficacy. However, it is unclear if weight loss improves risk factors in all obese persons or only in high risk groups. Finally, it is important to determine if weight loss studies are applicable to everyday clinical management for these patients. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the literature is to ascertain the long and short term effects of weight loss management programme (dietary, exercise and behavioural modification) on health related quality of life for patients with obesity problems. To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of weight loss management. To explore the long term effects of obesity treatment on body weight, risk factors for disease and quality of health and its benefits to the individual. RESEARCH QUESTION The salient research question for the review is: ‘’Does structured weight reducing programme improve the quality of health for patients with obesity?. The weight reduction programme will focus on the non-pharmacological aspects of weight reduction programme which are diet, exercise and behavioural changes. RATIONALE FOR CHOSEN TOPIC The rationale for the choice of topic has been influenced by dominance in the media recently with regards to cost to the society in treating patients with obesity and co – morbidities associated with the condition. The role of the nurse involves educating and promoting the health of individual clients or patients in terms of weight management. The writer has also developed an interest in gaining knowledge and understanding of the conditions and interventions for promoting weight loss as some form of management in enhancing patient’s quality of life. Undertaking this research would add to the students knowledge and, hopefully to provide some answers to the research question. CHAPTER TWO METHODS 2.1 PURPOSE OF CHAPTER This chapter will document the methods used to identify literature relating to the aims of the review. Also, how the literature search was conducted as well as the inclusion and exclusion criteria used in identifying relevant articles will be presented.   Outcomes of the literature search and a presentation of the data will be included (Appendix 1). 2.2 METHOD Partaking in evidence-based practice require the ability of nurses to evaluate and gather best available evidence, and integrate them into clinical practice and individual expertise (Burns and Grove, 2011). The fundamental purpose of literature review is to identify a broad spectrum of relevant information on a specific topic and develop a robust appraisal of its methodology and research designs to highlight any inconsistencies of the literature (Hewitt-Taylor, 2002).   Many authors including Aveyard (2007) defines it as a systematic search and interpretation of a particular research area which adds to the implementation of evidence based protocols. Similarly, Hek et al (2002) explains it as a process of literature search and guiding of a topic to reveal ‘gaps’ in the current knowledge. Aveyard’s definition will be utilised for the purposes of this review as through systematic searches, relevant articles will be scrutinized for current knowledge and development of how healthcare professionals can effectively use evidence based in promoting the health of patients (Aveyard, 2007). Some research studies may however have misleading findings due to their destitute research design, thus a critical appraisal tool would be used to critically appraise and disregard such evidence and provide findings from robust studies (Katrak, 2002).   The appraisal tool chosen for the review was the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Tool (CASP, Public Health Resource Unit, 2006). The CASP tool comprises a list of questions which enables the findings, study design and sample of research studies to be critically assessed and evaluated (Katrak et al, 2004).   The CASP tool was chosen due to its simple guidance in critically appraising research studies while assessing its applicability and validity. Also both quantitative and qualitative research may be influenced by confounding variables, thus the CASP Tool helps to highlight variables that may reduce the validity of the results (Burns and Grove, 2011; Hurley et al, 2011). Literature Search Healthcare literature forms the basis of a great deal of work that nurses do, therefore searching and reviewing literature is a key skill as it helps to locate   new initiative in its context and to examine new ideas (Steward, 2004). Literature search was used to device an evidence based question. Literature search is a structured approach to search information, producing the best available evidence for informing and guiding practice (Parahoo, 2006). Computers and electronic databases were used to undertake the literature search. This offered access to vast quantities of information, which could be retrieved more easily and quickly as compared to the manual search (Younger, 2004). Data were gathered from literature search using the following databases, MEDLINE, COCHRANE, CINHAL, EMBASE, SYNERGY, OVID etc. Using specific electronic databases with the help of the librarian enabled the student to identify which databases were relevant to the topic or subject area. The selected database contained indexes of journal in the medical sciences, in addition to nursing, midwifery and related disciplines in retrieving a wider range of quality and relevant research to demonstrate wider reading and awareness of available databases. Some of the databases such as MEDLINE and COCHRANE library had some restrictions in accessing full text articles. An initial search of the literature was used in narrowing down the process of topic selection. The following words were used for the search: obesity, overweight, training, exercise, physical activity, behaviour, adult, weight loss. This type of search highlighted many areas that could be exploited and conducted. Timmins and McCabe (2005) explains that using the initial search to identify a topic may gain an advantage over others because it gives certainty that there are recent and accessible published researched on a topic. Once the area of interest had been decided, a more focused and detailed search was used in incorporating many different sources. Burnard and Newell (2006) suggest that comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers needs to consider and adds that more specific the topic or question been search is, the more focused the results will be. Alternate key words with similar meanings such as bariatric patients, weight management were gleaned from databases and thesaur us to help elicit further information. Hek et al. (2002) states that the key principles for guiding literature search are being systematic, explicit, thorough and rigorous. Boolean and truncating operators was also incorporated in searching for the literature by expanding, excluding or joining key words using ‘AND’ or ‘NOT’. These operators instruct the search engine to combine specific and necessary element within the last ten years (2001 – 2011) were utilised to enable the student to narrow and obtain the most recent articles relevant to the formulated question. The search was also extended to other countries because of limited articles in the UK and its applicability to the subject area. The inclusion criteria for the literature review are as follows: the study had to be researched articles, the subjects had to be adults, diet, exercise and behaviour modification had to be part of the treatment, the subjects would be overweight or obese. The inclusion and exclusion criteria also involved the first read of the articles that have been collected to get a sense of what they are about. Most of the published articles contai ned a summary or abstract at the beginning of the paper, which assisted with the process and enabling the decision as to whether it is worthy of further reading. Cohen (1990) framework for undertaking systematic review was adapted to aid with the process of narrowing and choosing the articles relevant for the research question proposed.   This method involves the preview, question, read, summarise (PQRS) system kept the student focused and consistent but ultimately facilitated me with easy identification and retrieval of materials, leaving me with articles that were deemed relevant to the purpose of the review. A total of 12 relevant articles were obtained after the literature search and with the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only two articles were from the United Kingdom. The rest were from Australia, Holland, Netherlands, Canada and America. They all addressed the aims as well as the research question. All the articles were selected on the basis of its abstract, title, year and its relevance to research question. A summary of search history   and findings of reviewed articles are presented in Appendix 1. Timmins and McCabe (2005) summary of grid table would be used to put the data extracted into chronological order and also into different classification can be seen in appendix 2. In order to be able to compare treatment outcomes from the different groups in the studies, the effect size will be used to analyse the studies intervention effect with reference to weight loss. In evaluating the literature, the systematic approach literature will be divided into classifi cation and themes and presented chronologically. CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS 3.1 PURPOSE OF CHAPTER This chapter explores the key findings of the selected research articles and provides a critical analysis of the research methodologies and findings. They will be presented as themes and will be compared and contrasted to reveal any ‘gaps’ or inconsistencies in the literature. FINDINGS The aim of Jehn et al study was to examine the long-term effects on weight maintenance and dietary habits of participants in a clinical trial weight loss. Forty – four hypertensive overweight men and women were randomised in a comprehensive ‘lifestyle intervention’ group or monitoring group for 9 weeks. Participants in the ‘lifestyle intervention were fed hypo caloric version of the Dietary Attempts to stop Hypertension Diet (DASH) and also participated in a supervised moderate intensity exercise programme three times a week. The dash diet is rich in fruits, vegetables and low fats dairy products, and reduced in saturated fat, total fat and cholesterol. It has also been shown to substantially lower blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive individuals (Appel et al 1997). Participants were provided all their meals. The monitoring group received no active intervention during the study but did receive up to three sessions of nutrition and lifestyle counse lling following completion of data collection. One year following the completion of the DEW-IT trial, 44 participants were contacted for a single follow up visit. Participants were weighed on a certified balanced bean scale, and completed two brief dietary questionnaires in assessing reason for participating in the trial, changes in diet and exercise following participation and perceived barriers to maintaining weight loss. Wilcon test and t- test were used to compare groups for differences in continuous variables and chi square test were used to compare categorical variables. 42 of the original 44 participant returned for the 1 year follow up visit (n=23 for monitoring group and n=19 for the lifestyle group). The results showed weight loss at the completion of the study averaged 5.3kg in the lifestyle group and 0kg for the monitoring group. The intervention group in comparison to the monitoring group achieved significant improvements in their blood pressure and lipid profiles. Inte restingly, 95% of the lifestyle intervention group and 52% of the monitoring group gained weight at the end of the study although, they both reported similar intakes of fruits and vegetables. Leslee et al (2009) however conducted randomised clinical trial, using diet and exercise programme to reduce incontinence and to determine whether behavioural weight reduction intervention for overweight and obese women with incontinence would result in greater reductions in the frequency of incontinence episodes at 6 months as compared with control groups. 338 women were recruited between July 2004 and April 2006 in Alabama and Rhode Island. Women were eligible for the study if they were at least 30years of age, had body mass index of 25 – 50kgm ² and at baseline reported 10 or more urinary incontinent episodes in a 7 day diary of voiding. The participants were required to monitor their food intake and physical activity for a week, to be able to walk unassisted for two blocks without stopping, and to agree not to initiate new treatment for incontinence and weight reduction for the duration of the study. Eligible participants were randomly assigned at a 2:1 ratio to an inten sive 6 month behavioural weight loss programme or to a structured four session education programme (control group). Random assignments were concealed in tamper proof envelopes, the participants were aware of their treatment but the staff members who collected data were not. This helps to reduce the possibility of selection and study bias, thereby increasing the reliability and validity of the results (Polit and Beck, 2008). However, the cost and time pressures of undertaking RCTs compared with other research methodology may limit their feasibility or restrict recruitment. The participants completed questionnaires concerning their demographic characteristics, medical and behavioural history and history of incontinence. The subjects were weighed and height recorded. They were also trained to complete a 7day dairy of voiding. All participants were given a self-help behavioural treatment book with instructions for improving bladder control such as information about incontinence and pelv ic floor exercises. Women assigned to the control group were scheduled to participate in four education sessions at months 1, 2, 3, 4. The participants in the weight loss group were provided with meal plans, encouraged to gradually increase physical activity. The results showed that the women in the intervention group had a mean weight loss of 8.0% (7.8kg) as compared with 1.6%(1.5kg) in the control group. After 6 months, the mean weakly number of incontinence episodes decreased by 47% in the intervention group, as compared with 28% in the control group. As compared with the control group, the intervention group had a greater decrease in the frequency of stress incontinence episodes (p=0.01), but not of urge incontinence episodes (p=0.14). Obesity is associated with increased arterial stiffness, an early marker of vascular wall damage. However, data on the long-term vascular impact of intentional weight loss are limited. Goldberg et al (2008) aimed to evaluate the effect of weight loss induced by nutrition and exercise intervention on arterial compliance, metabolic and inflammatory parameters in obese patients who participated in a weight reduction programme. An open, prospective study, 37 obese subjects attended a 24weeks nutritional and exercise interventional programme. During the course, participants received diet instruction and participated in physical training once a week. Arterial elasticity was evaluated using pulse wave – contour analysis at baseline and end of study. Fasting glucose, HbA1C, insulin, lipid profile, hs-CRP, fibrinogen were measured. BMI Decreased from 36.1 ±7.4kgm ² at baseline to 32.8 ±7.4kgm ² after 6months. Large artery elasticity index increased from 12.1 ±4.1 to 15.8 ± 4.7ml/mmhgÃâ€"10 during the study. Small artery elasticity index also showed an increase. There was significant improvement in fasting hyperglycaemia, HbA1C and significant decrease in LDL cholesterol, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein. Goldberg et al concluded that moderate weight loss induced by nutritional and exercise intervention improved small and large artery elasticity. The increase in arterial elasticity was associated with improvement in glucose and lipids homeostasis as well as markers of inflammation. Obesity may affect lung function and so cause worsening of asthma. The mechanism by which weight loss can alleviate asthma may include alleviation of the airway collapse, stimulation of adrenal activity, and reduction in possible allergens, bronchoconstrictors or salt content in the diet (REF). Aarniala et al (2000) investigated the influence of weight reduction on obese patients with asthma. The design is an open study, two randomised parallel group in a private outpatient centre in Helsinki, Finland. Two groups of 19 obese patients with asthma (BMI=30-42kg ²) recruited through newspaper advertisements. Base line measurements were taken and randomised to treatment group (19) or control group (19) by shuffling cards with the help of someone not involved in the study. The treatment group took part in a weight reduction programme included 12 group sessions, which lasted for 14wks, including 8weeks dieting period. The control group had sessions at the same intervals as the treatment g roup. All participants used normal medical care throughout the year. A peak flow metre and spirometer was used to measure their daily morning and evening pre bronchodilator and post bronchodilator peak expiratory flow, FVC, FEV as baseline,   during the dieting period, at the end of dieting period, at 6months and 1yr. Data were analysed by means of start view 512+TM (brainpower) for apple Macintosh and SPSS. Mean weight reduction in the treatment group was 14.2kg of their pre-treatment, the control 0.3%. The corresponding figures after one year were 11.3% and weight gain of 2.2% for the treatment group. For the treatment group, health status improved with respect to all three subscales when compared with controls. By the end of weight reduction programme, reduction in dyspnoea in the treatment group was 13mm and 1mmin the control group. There were minimal exacerbations reported in the treatment group than in the control group. Aarniala et al concluded that weight reduction in obes e patients with asthma improves lung function, symptoms, morbidity, and health status. Similarly, Shawn et al (2004) prospectively studied 58 obese women with a body mass index of 30kgm ², 24 of whom had asthma, were enrolled in an intensive 6month weight loss programme to, whether loss of body mas would be correlated with improvements in bronchial reactivity, lung function, and disease specific health status. Patients were placed on a regime of three liquid meal replacement supplements per day, which delivered 300 kilocalories per meal. Those with severe obesity were enrolled into a long programme consisting of a diet of 900kcal per day that continued for twelve weeks. Patients were assessed in series of three paired study visits. Symptoms and disease specific quality of life were assessed using the St. George respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) at baseline and every three months for duration of the study. The results showed that patients lost an average of 20kg over the 6 month period. For every 10% relative loss of weight the FVC improved by 92ml, and FEV1 improved b y 73ml. However, bronchial reactivity did not significantly change with weight loss (p=0.23). Patients who lost 13% of their pre-treatment weight experienced improvements in FEV, FVC and total lung capacity as compared to   patients in the lower quartile   who failed to loose significant amount of weight. Patient who completed the programme experienced improvements in respiratory health status. Syed et al (2008) sought to identify the effect of weight reduction program on right and left ventricular structure and function. 62 patients presenting to the eating disorder clinic at a single academic institution for weight loss programs were prospectively enrolled. Subjects BMI were greater than 30mg/m ² and attempting to lose weight by diet and exercise. Baseline and follow up transthoracic echocardiograms were obtained after at least 10% weight reduction or 6 months after baseline echocardiogram. Patient lost an average of 28 ±3kg over a period of 266 ±36days. Left ventricular mass index decreased significantly from 255.87 ±12 to 228 ±11gm. There were no statistically significant changes in contractility or diastolic indices. The ratios of early to late diastolic mitral inflow and annular velocities also increased. The results of the study concluded that weight reduction is associated with decreased in the ventricular diastolic size and left ventricular mass. However, the weight reduction did not associate statistically significant improvement in systolic or diastolic function. Contrastingly, Kaukua et al (2003) studied health related quality of life in a clinically selected sample of obese patients. The study was carried at two obesity clinics at Helsinki University Central hospital. General occupational practitioners or hospital specialist referred all patients for weight loss treatment. Referral criteria included a body mass index ≠¥35kgm ², failure of previous weight loss attempts, presence of obesity related comorbidity requiring weight loss and motivation to take part in a structured weight loss programme.   An endocrinologist examined the patients and evaluated suitability for treatment. Patients were excluded if they had obesity due to secondary aetiology, had significant psychiatric disorders, severe eating disorders, and were eligible for bariatric surgery. The treatment comprised 10weeks on very low energy diets (VLED) and 17 weekly group visits with behavioural modification. The eight groups in this study were carried out during 1999 â €“ 20000. The behaviour modification programme was on LEARN programme for weight control. The core elements of behaviour modification were goal setting, nutrition etc. Anthropometry assessments were used to measure the patient’s height, weight with calibrated electronic scale and calculated the BMI whiles the obesity specific questionnaires measured the obesity related psychosocial problems in everyday life. SPSS 10.0 was used to analyse all data. The Helsinki University central hospital and Peijas hospital ethical committies approved the study protocol and the informed consent form, which subjects sign after having received written and oral information. The results of the 126 patients who received treatment showed that the mean BMI did not differ from sexes. But the mean waist circumference was significantly larger in men. There was also decrease in obesity related psychosocial problems at the end of therapy and this improvement was maintained up to 2yrs despite weight r egain. There was also large increase in physical functioning, improvement in body pain and general health, but not all the scale showed statistical significance relative to base line. The study selection process outlined identified 8 studies. There was fair or good agreement for study inclusion suitability and data extraction. To summarise, all the eight research articles received ethical approval from the ethics committee to protect the rights, dignity and safety of the study participants. Consent was also gained from the subjects before participating in the research. They also had clear aims, methods, findings and conclusions. Chapter 4 Discussion 4.1 Purpose   of chapter This chapter will give a detailed discussion of the prime findings highlighted whilst comparing and contrasting evidence. An interpretation of the themes will be made as well as evidence-based recommendations for future management, practice and education. The focal research question was: ‘’Does structured weight reducing programme improve the quality of health for patients with obesity 4.2 DISCUSSION   This review has provided an alternative lens in understanding the importance of weight management and weight loss in improving the health of these patients as well as reducing it cost to the health service in managing this condition. Weight reduction requires energy expenditure to exceed dietary energy intake. Despite a considerably   amount of   research dedicated to understanding  Ã‚   the role of diet in mediating weight control, there still remains disagreement regarding basic issues including the appropriate energy content, and perhaps   more controversial, the ideal macronutrient distribution. Manipulation of the energy content will impact the rate of weight loss. Very low calorie diets will result in larger, more rapid reductions in weight loss, whereas a small to moderate reduction in energy intake will result in a small, steady rate of weight loss. The pertinent question becomes: does the rate of weight loss affect long term weight maintenance or other health related outcomes? In most of the studies the subjects had lost significant amount of weight by the end of the intervention period. Some of the studies also indicated weight gain. There was significant weight loss in all groups. In Jehn et al (2006) study of weight loss intervention demonstrated the effectiveness of short term intensive programme of diet and exercise in blood pressure control. However, significant amount of weight gain occurred also in treatment group and consequently, weight at the 1 year follow visit did not differ between the treatment and control groups. Similar finding was also found in Kaukua et al single stranded 2 year follow up study of diet, exercise and behaviour modification for weight loss management. The patients in their study produced marked weight loss (12.5%) and wide range of improvements in health related quality of life in the short term. However, with longer follow after treatment, weight loss maintenance on average was only modest with mean regain of two thirds w eight lost in 2yrs.Interestingly to weight loss, the improvements in health related quality of life started to diminish after 2 year. On average, only obesity related psychosocial problems and physical function showed improvements. Not only weight loss, but other factors such as therapeutic effects of taking part in a weight loss programme or increase in exercise   and physical activity promoted by behavioural modification, might have been the cause of improved the quality of live as in the studies reviewed(reference). Among overweight and obese women with urinary incontinence, the comprehensive weight loss programme in Leslee et al (2009) resulted in a significantly greater reduction in the frequency of self-reported urinary incontinence episodes as compared with the structured education programme. Higher proportion of women in the weight loss group than in the control group reported clinically meaningful reduction of at least 70% in the total weekly number of episodes of any incontinence, stress continence and urge incontinence. In addition the women in the weight loss group perceived greater improvements in their incontinence and were more satisfied with their improvements. These results suggest that overweight or obese women with stress, urge or mixed incontinence may benefit from weight loss. It has been hypothesized that obesity may contribute to urinary incontinence because of the increase in intraabdominal pressure due to central adiposity, which in turn increases bladder pressure and ureth ral mobility, exacerbating stress incontinence and possibly urge incontinence (Stewart, 2010). Weight reduction may reduce forces on the bladder and pelvic floor, thus reducing incontinence as a result from changes in dietary intake and physical activity (Subak et al. 20005). Obesity is not only disproportionate gain of weight, rather it is a complex metabolic process associated with hypervolumic state, elevated pressures and dyslipidaemia. It is also associated with elevated cardiac output mainly produced by high stroke volume. Elevated stroke volume along with an expanded total blood volume presents an elevated preload to the left ventricle (reference). In Syed et al (2008) study, significant weight loss of 28.29 ±3kg was associated with decreased left ventricular mass, wall thickness, and diastolic dimensions. The beneficial changes were accompanied by preserved left ventricular systolic function. Contrary to the expectation, the observed decline in left ventricular wall thickness, and left ventricular mass did not translate into improved diastolic function or significant reduction in left atrial size. Instead, they observed increased early transmitral inflow velocities and decreased diastolic myocardial relaxation velocities. Left atrial dimensions decreased, but this does not reach statistical significance which represents that there is no decline in the size of left atrium.   In Syed at al study, none of the findings are associated with improved diastolic function. This may represent that ventricular stiffening that leads to diastolic dysfunction associated with obesity may be less reversible than the other parameters. An explanation given to the lack of improvement in diastolic function is perhaps due to the short duration of the study or inadequate number of patients in the study. A larger study of longer duration will be needed  Ã‚   to verify the myocardial mechanical abnormalities suggested by their study. In contrast to Syed et al study, Goldberg et al (2008) study moderate weight loss induced by nutritional and exercise intervention was associated with improved small and large artery elasticity. The increase in elasticity was associated with improved glucose homeostasis and lipid profiles together with a reduction in the markers of inflammation. In response to a mean weight loss of 8% observed during 6month follow up, both small and large arterial elasticity increased significantly. Moreover, subjects who lost 10% of baseline body weight had significantly greater large arterial elasticity values and lower insulin resistance  Ã‚   compared to patients who did not lose or lost 5% of baseline body weight. In obesity, arterial stiffening is consistently observed in across all age groups and may contribute in part to excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. These harmful vascular effects may be mediated by comorbidities linked to obesity such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, insuli n resistance and diabetes. Recently, it has been demonstrated that excess body fat, abdominal visceral fat, and larger waist circumference have been associated with accelerated stiffening independent of blood pressure levels, ethnicity and age (Sutton-Tyrrell et al 2001). These results emphasize the adverse effects of obesity on the arterial wall and suggest that this effect is reversible with weight reduction. Aarniala et al (2000) trial showed that in obese people with asthma, losing weight can improve asthma in terms of lung function, symptoms and health status. Several possible explanations exist for this improvement in asthma during and after weight reduction. In asthma airway obstruction causes early airway closure during expiration. This feature is accentuated by overweight. Weight reduction reduces closing capacity and exercise load which may alleviate asthma symptoms during exercise (reference). Although, general symptoms and lung function improved in the treatment group, use of rescued medication remained unchanged. This may reflect the fact that, whereas overall clinical picture of the asthma was improved by weight reduction, airway hyperactivity persisted. Some strengths of the review were the use of randomised trials which can increase the reliability of the results, allowing the researchers to compare changes in weight between the intervention group and the control group that did not receive an intervention.   Additionally, the researchers used actual weight rather than self-reported weight which has been shown to be unreliable for reporting long-term weight maintenance. Furthermore, participation for the follow up was good. This minimises the potential bias that those who volunteered to participate were more likely to have been successful at weight maintenance (Jehn,2006). The studies also indicate that without on-going contact, structural support and reinforcement of health goals, individuals are unable to maintain weight loss one year after intervention. Further research is needed to determine whether adding more intensive nutrition, education components and or cognitive behavioural therapy to dietary feeding trials can produce successful long-term weight maintenance. In this review we included those three components that have been shown to be most important factors in weight loss; exercise, diet and behaviour modification. In view of the foregoing, the aims and research question of the review has been successfully answered and a wider understanding of the importance of weight management in helping to prevent morbidity and mortality of obesity. In addition to the findings, it also appears from the above that diet, exercise and behavioural modification has significant effects in managing weight loss and reducing obesity. Clinicians have to be skilled in eliciting and promoting the health of these individuals to prevent morbidity and mortality (ref) 4.3. LIMITATIONS The main limitations of the studies are the small sample size, impeding the ability to examine predictors of weight change in multi variant analyses. A major limitation of this review was the use of researched articles from   America, European countries as well as other Non European countries such as Australia where the delivery of care differs from that of the United Kingdom and what may appear as important to American patients may not be important to that of the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the use of only published articles, poses the risk of publication bias as most journal articles do not deliberate on the ‘negative or no effect’ thus hidden evidence that is vital in synthesising the findings application of research question may be missed (Aveyard, 2007). Limiting the exclusion and inclusion criteria from studies published from 2000 to 2011 meant that any valid research before that had to be excluded, thus any significant findings relevant to the review may have been overlooked (Jokinen et al, 2002). Although an attempt was made to retrieve recent data, literature into obesity and weight loss management commenced around the 1960’s thus it is a broad topic and not all relevant research studies could be included in the review (Verhallen et al, 2004). Lastly, financial restrictions were also a limitation of the review as most journals required membership or a fee to retrieve articles thus useful articles for the review may not have been attained. 4.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE, EDUCATION, MANAGMENT AND FUTURE RSEARCH Adequate research has now been gathered to demonstrate diet, exercise and behaviour modification is important in the effective management of weight loss for patient with overweight or obesity problems. Eliciting the health concerns of these patients and the cost to both family and society in this review has demonstrated the urgent need to address the quality and effectiveness of the weight induced programme in improving the health of these patients in order to reduce the comorbidities associated with the condition. The level of motivation in overweight individuals probably plays a very important role in the success or failure of weight treatment. Factors that influence motivation include the degree to which overweight individuals receive support from their families, advice and information from healthcare professional that can also set up realistic goals through continuous contact. Conclusion According to the present review, the treatment of overweight and obesity that promises the best results consist of diet, behaviour modification and exercise. Treatment with exercise alone cannot be expected to any significant weight loss, regardless of the type exercise. On the other hand, exercise can be important factor when it comes to preventing continued weight gain or maintaining lower weight even in the long-term. Thus this review reached an important conclusion that the treatment of overweight individuals requires a multidisciplinary approach. This approach means that representatives from all professions, dieticians, behavioural scientist, psychologist, psychotherapist, nurses, physical therapist and doctors must collaborate with each other

Open Class Words - Definition and Examples

Open Class Words s In English grammar, open class refers to the category of content words- that is, parts of speech (or word classes) that readily accept new members. Contrast with closed class. The open classes in English are nouns, lexical verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Research supports the view that open-class words and closed-class words play different roles in sentence processing.   Ã‚   Examples and Observations All the words in a language can be broadly divided into two categories, open and closed. The closed category is so called because it does not easily accept new words. Its members are fixed and do not usually change . . .. The open category . . . contains nouns, verbs, adverbs, and descriptive adjectivesexactly those parts of speech that remain open to new additions . . ..Words in the open category are usually further divided into simple and complex words. Simple words contain just one morpheme (house, for example, or walk, slow, or green), whereas complex words contain more than one (houses, walking, slowly, or greenest).(Thomas E. Murray, The Structure of English. Allyn and Bacon, 1995)Open-Class Words in Telegraphic SpeechExamples of open-class words are those belonging to the major part-of-speech classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs), which in any language tend to be quite large and open-ended. that is, an unlimited number of new words can be created and added to these c lasses. . . .One familiar variety of language in which the distinction between open-class words and closed-class words is important is known as telegraphic speech. The term telegraphic derives from the kind of language used in telegrams, where considerations of space (and money) force one to be as terse as possible. HAVING WONDERFUL TIME; HOTEL GREAT; RETURNING FLIGHT 256; SEND MONEY; STOP. Generally speaking, in telegraphic forms of language the open-class words are retained, whereas the closed-class words are omitted wherever possible.(Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT, 2001) Open Class Words  Ã¢â€ â€ Closed Class Words[O]pen-class words can evolve into grammatical words over time (grammaticalization). It is an essential part of the dictionarys task to describe this evolution. For example the verb ought (ought v.) has evolved from being the past tense of to owe to the condition of a pure auxiliary. Moreover, open-class words can develop senses that constitute fully grammaticalized lexical items, while retaining their original character in their other senses. For example, the verb to let (OED let v.1), the original meaning of which is leave or allow to pass (Branch I), and which retains a number of lexical meanings, developed in Middle English and still has an imperative auxiliary use with the infinitive (let us go).  Or an inflected form of an  open-class word  may develop an independent use as a grammatical word, for example the conjunction providing. Additionally, grammatical words can develop from compounds that start out as straightforward  syntactic constructions: for example, as and also from all so.(Edmund Weiner, Grammatical Analysis and Grammatical Change.  The Oxford Handbook of Lexicography, ed. by  Philip Durkin. Oxford University Press, 2015) Other Relevant References Complex WordsGrammaticalizationMental LexiconMonomorphemic WordsWhat Are Word Classes, and Whatever Happened to the Parts of Speech?

How do Managers Attempt to Solve the Labour Problem Essay

How do Managers Attempt to Solve the Labour Problem - Essay Example However, the organisations in the post-modern era are also affected by the conflicts between the labours or the workers and the managers who are liable to supervise and control them. Conflicts or disputes may also arise within an organisation amid the co-workers which are again to be managed efficiently by the managers. According to most of the recent studies based on a similar context, it have been revealed that disputes between managers and the subordinate employees have emerged to be a common phenomenon in majority of the organisations irrespective of their size or industry (Bratton & Gold, 2011: 238). The discussion in this paper will consider the concept of ‘right to manage’ possessed by the organisational managers and its impact on the schemas adopted by them to control the workplace disputes. The traditional and the contemporary methods will further be taken into consideration so as to identify the constraints faced by the managers in dealing with the issue. Hereb y, the ultimate objective of the paper will be to provide a rational explanation to the strategies adopted by the managers in an attempt to minimise the disputes arising within the workplace. The Concept of ‘Right to Manage’ The concept of ‘right to manage’ in this context deals with the fundamental or principle responsibilities of the managers to control the disputes between the organisation and its employees along with those taking place amid the employees working together (Storey, 1983: 98). According to Harris (1982: 98), managerial strategies adopted so as to control this issue are largely depended on the managerial prerogative approach adhered by the organisations operating in an economy. For instance, during the post world-war situation in 1944 and the later years, organisations in the American economy witnessed significant discrepancies in relation to labour disputes. One of the main causes for these issues to take place was the sudden increase of p roduction in the industries due to the inclusion of more efficient techniques and machineries. This in turn forced the industry players to sell in larger proportion to manage the flow of production and thus maintain their break-even point at a sustainable position. The inclusion of up-to-date technologies also resulted in higher cost of production motivating the industry players to adopt cost retrenchment measures. It is in this context that the organisations had to witness noteworthy issues related to labour resistance and insignificant co-operation among the workers. Although the problem of overcapacity was minimised in the later years, the disputes between the management and the labours still existed (Harris, 1982: 102). With reference to this illustration or the situation faced by organisations in the later period of the second world-war, it can be stated that managerial prerogative to consider either their ‘property rights’ or their ‘right to contract’ or both has a significant impact on the disputes between the labour force and the management. The ‘property management rights’ indicate the quantitative aspects of managerial ideology, i.e. to increase the profitability, competency and market share of the

Technological innovations from creative minds Essay

Technological innovations from creative minds - Essay Example Because of this we see technology as a work both of science, art, and as a means to an end and not just a technology per se. Engineers are rarely able to solve problems by mere substituting numerical values in mathematical formulas. "It is his business to cause a compromise between several conflicting requirements and find a solution, which will fulfill the desired purpose in an economical manner," (Still & Siskind, 1954). The engineering components of a design represent the science of it that would cover the principles, theories, systems, and mathematical principles involved. The functionality, mechanisms, and others physical components of a technology is created with reasons. How these scientific components are implemented and arranged to work in a technology is the art that depended on creative and critical judgment. Still and Siskind (1954) further affirmed that machine design calls for individual judgment to a greater extent. But judgment is not easily acquired in school. It is inherent within the character of the designer and learnt through practice and experiences. Achieving the end through the unu sual way requires a critical mind that evaluates every bit of possibilities and impossibilities. The outcome or the end results, the underlying cause why a technology is created, the effect of the technological... al environment, improved food, clothing, and shelter, increased security, release from the bondage of bare existence, increased knowledge as among the important contributions of technological development. Meanings are embodied within the aspect of every technological design and this revolves around the creative nature of the designer. Focusing so much on the technological side could not make us appreciate the real context of the creativity for which the technology is based. As Heidegger (1997) puts it, "the essence of technology is by no means anything technological." Therefore dealing so much on the tangible aspect of the technology would keep us entwined and captured with it. By looking beyond we open our minds to new possibilities, innovations, and a future outlook. Design concepts and creations are based on science and engineering principles but it is the creativity that puts meaning on the design. To simply illustrate, two scientists may use the same engineering principles and techniques in coming up with a design to solve a particular problem but there could be difference in the final form since another factor usually play and that what most creative thinkers see beyond the phys ical side. When humans developed the rockets he looked beyond the conquest of space. And when man sees beyond the boundaries of the universe he doesn't end his creativity within the limits of the capability of the rockets. Technologies are shaped by the future and seeing beyond the future of new technologies is what ignites creativity to develop new ways, new things, and new ideas. Let us apply the concepts of technological creativity with the emerging virtual technology and gather around the science, the art, and the means to an end behind its conceptualization, development, and

Global Burden of E-Waste: Health and Environmental Impacts

Global Burden of E-Waste: Health and Environmental Impacts Introduction E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded appliances using electricity which includes computers, consumer electronics, fridges etc. that have been disposed of by their original users (Lundgren 2012). unfortunately, this definition is one of many because there is no standard definition of e-waste. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is currently the largest growing waste stream in the glob due to rapid technology innovation, ever-shortening product lifespans and increase of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) consumption (Lundgren 2012). This growing has major health, environmental and economic impacts especially in developing countries. According to the United Nation Environment (UN environment), computers lifespan has decreased from six years in 1997 to two years in 2005 in developed countries (un environment 2017). Widmer et al., 2005 estimated that e-waste constitutes 8% of the total municipal solid waste. In 2014, the total e-waste generated worldwide was estimated to be about 41.8 million tons (t) with about 3-5% annual growth rate (Baldà © et al. 2014). Out of this, only (15%) 6.5 million tons has been reported to be formally treated (Baldà © et al. 2014; Heacock et al. 2016). Up to 80% of the e-waste that sent for recycling in developed countries are illegally transported to developing countries mainly in Africa, and Asia (Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) 2009). Countries such as US, Japan, China, India, and countries from the European Union are the main sources of e-waste (Baldà © et al. 2014). Unfortunately, most of developing countries receiving e-waste are not technologically equipped and usually use simple hazardous methods for recycling (Lundgren 2012). Accordingly, peoples health and environment in these developing countries are jeopardized (Smith et al. 2006; SAICM 2009). Recycling E-waste contains up to 60 different valuable metals that have been estimated to be equal to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬48 billion (Baldà © et al. 2014; Namias 2013). BullionStreet (2012) stated that electronic industry consumes about 320 t of gold and 7500 t of silver every year and mining of e-waste could generate $21 billion each year. About 40% of this profits comes from in the printed circuit board that have a potential revenue of 21,200/t, while it is only form 3-6% of the total e-waste generated worldwide every year (Golev et al. 2016). At the same time, e-waste can generate more amount of metals comparing to the conventional mining operations using the same amount of power in both ways (Namias 2013). Also, Studies have revealed that the global ore grade are decreasing and mines are forced to excavate more complex and fine-grained ore deposits to meet the global metal need (Là ¨bre and Corder 2015). According to the electronics takeback coalition (2014), recycling 1 million cell phones can recover about 24 kg (50 lb) of gold, 250 kg (550 lb) of silver, 9 kg (20 lb) of palladium, and more than 9,000 kg (20,000 lb) of copper. Nonetheless, the run of mine ore needed to produce the same amount of metal is 10-160 times more than that of the waste mobile phones. Beside saving money, recycling can provide the same amount of metal with substantial less power intake compared to mine ore (Cui and Forssberg 2003). Consequently, it will lead significant reduction in the volume of gas emission due to new metal production. Economic Outcome Form economic standpoint, plays an important employment role in the recycling sectors of some low and middle-income countries such as China, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Ghana, and Nigeria (Lundgren 2012; Programme des Nations Unies pour lenvironnement 2011). For example, In Guiyu, China, the largest informal e-waste recycling location in the world, e-waste recycling provides jobs to almost 100,000 people as e-waste recyclers (Heacock et al. 2016; Lundgren 2012). With the similar throughput, 300-600 new treatment facilities will have to be developed in China to deal with the total generated e-waste from 2020 to 2030 that can potentially provide jobs to 30,000 people (Zeng et al. 2016). Health and Environmental Impacts Despite the economic benefits from recycling, e-waste processing has raised alarming environmental and health issues specially in developing countries. Where e-waste recycling sector is unregulated and unaccountable collecting, processing, and redistributing tends to be performed by workers at temporary sites, residences, crude workshops, and open public spaces. Informal recycling areas usually inhabited by poor people with scarce job possibilities and their main concern is feed themselves and their families; this primary concern predominates that for personal health and safety (The Lancet 2013). Recycling without protection exposes workers to many hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, and lead (Lundgren 2012). The incineration of these chemicals release compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), poly-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/ Fs) gases that effect soil, atmosphere, and water (Hossain et al. 2015).The hazard from e-waste processing not only threatens operator health, but also, puts the health of people living nearby and next generations living in the surrounding areas in jeopardy (Liu et al. 2009). Toxins absorption and effects vary based on type and quantity of e-waste, length of exposure, methods processing, and physiological vulnerability, especially in pregnant women and children (Grant et al. 2013). People exposed to hazardous substances in e-waste through multiple routes, including food, water, air, and soil (Norman et al. 2013). There is high accumulative in the area where informal recycling locations have functioned for more than a decade (Chen et al. 2011). The impact of the hazardous substances from e-waste can spread beyond processing sites and into ecosystems (Sepà ºlveda et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2010). For example, rice and dust samples collected from homes close to e-waste settings had almost double the maximum permissible concentrations of lead, cadmium, and copper (Zheng et al. 2013). An exposure of contaminated food such as rice plus inhaling lead through house dust situates children to high risk of neurotoxicity and adverse developmental effects (Zheng et al. 2013). Studies have linked exposure to such toxins with increases in spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, premature births, reduced birthweights, and birth lengths events (Liu et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2011; Wu et al. 2012). Also, physical growth indicators, such as weight, height, and body-mass index, were significantly lower in children living in the e-waste recycling town of Guiyu than in those living in the control area Liangying (Zheng et al. 2013). Environmentally, as mentioned earler, disposal of these chemicals/metals in landfills or by incinerating them can produce harmful effects to the environment (Heacock et al. 2016). The amount of cadmium exists in a cell phone battery have a potential to pollute 600m3 of water (Garlapati 2016). For example, the concentration of metals such as lead, copper and nickel that found in the discharge channel near Guiyu to Nanyang road and Chendiandian to Guiyu road in China were 400-600 times higher than that is expected from uncontaminated river sediments (Brigden et al. 2005). Similar results were obtained from formal recycling sites with elevated content of nickel, copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in Philippines (Yoshida et al. 2016). To conclude, the elevated level of hazard of e-waste show the importance of proper recycling techniques and safer recycling facilities that can reduce the risks related to the environmental and public health and safety issues. Also, future studies needed to assess the direct and indirect health cost of informal e-waste recycling, health and environmental impacts of the formal e-waste treatment. References Baldà © C, Wang F, Kuehr R, Huisman J. 2014. The global e-waste monitor. UNU-IAS: Bonn, Germany. Brigden K, Labunska I, Santillo D, Allsopp M. 2005. Recycling of electronic wastes in china and india: Workplace and environmental contamination. Greenpeace International, Amsterdam. Chen A, Dietrich KN, Huo X, Ho S. 2011. Developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste: An emerging health concern. Environ Health Perspect 119(4):431. Cui J, Forssberg E. 2003. Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment: A review. J Hazard Mater 99(3):243-263. Garlapati VK. 2016. E-waste in india and developed countries: Management, recycling, business and biotechnological initiatives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54:874-881. Golev A, Schmeda-Lopez DR, Smart SK, Corder GD, McFarland EW. 2016. Where next on e-waste in australia? Waste Manage 58:348-358. Grant K, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune M, Neira M, van den Berg M et al. 2013. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: A systematic review. The Lancet Global Health 1(6):e350-e361. Heacock M, Kelly CB, Asante KA, Birnbaum LS, Bergman AL, Brune MN et al. 2016. E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations: A growing global problem. Environ Health Perspect 124(5):550-555; doi: 10.1289/ehp.1509699 [doi]. Hossain MS, Al-Hamadani SM, Rahman MT. 2015. E-waste: A challenge for sustainable development. Journal of Health and Pollution 5(9):3-11. Là ¨bre É, Corder G. 2015. Integrating industrial ecology thinking into the management of mining waste. Resources 4(4):765-786. Liu Q, Cao J, Li KQ, Miao XH, Li G, Fan FY et al. 2009. Chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 16(3):329-338. Lundgren K. 2012. The global impact of e-waste: Addressing the challenge. . Namias J. 2013. The future of electronic waste recycling in the United States: obstacles and domestic solutions. Norman RE, Carpenter DO, Scott J, Brune MN, Sly PD. 2013. Environmental exposures: An underrecognized contribution to noncommunicable diseases. Rev Environ Health 28(1):59-65. Programme des Nations Unies pour lenvironnement. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. :United Nations Environment Programme. Sepà ºlveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, Hagelà ¼ken C et al. 2010. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from china and india. Environ Impact Assess Rev 30(1):28-41. Smith T, Sonnenfeld DA, Pellow DN. 2006. Challenging the Chip: Labor Rights and Environmental Justice in the Global Electronics Industry. :Temple University Press. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). 2009. Background information in relation to the emerging policy issue of electronic waste. , Geneva. The Lancet. 2013. Electronic waste-time to take stock. The Lancet 381(9885):2223; doi: http://dx.doi.org.library1.unmc.edu:2048/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61465-8. Web.unep.org. March, 2017. E-Waste Management | Global Partnership on Waste Management. http://web.unep.org/gpwm/what-we-do/e-waste-management ed. . Wu K, Xu X, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2011. In utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and reduced neonatal physiological development from guiyu, china. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(8):2141-2147. Wu K, Xu X, Peng L, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2012. Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes. Environ Int 48:1-8. Yoshida A, Terazono A, Ballesteros FC, Nguyen D, Sukandar S, Kojima M et al. 2016. E-waste recycling processes in indonesia, the philippines, and vietnam: A case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors. Resour Conserv Recycling 106:48-58. Zeng X, Gong R, Chen W, Li J. 2016. Uncovering the recycling potential of New WEEE in china. Environ Sci Technol 50(3):1347-1358. Zhang X, Luo X, Liu H, Yu L, Chen S, Mai B. 2010. Bioaccumulation of several brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in south china: Associated with trophic level and diet sources. Environ Sci Technol 45(2):400-405. Zheng J, Chen K, Yan X, Chen S, Hu G, Peng X et al. 2013. Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in south china and the potential risk to human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 96:205-212.